{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ec7488a4-2d2a-48eb-ad8c-534a2974154b",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<table style=\"width:100%\">\n",
    "<tr>\n",
    "<td style=\"vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;\">\n",
    "<font size=\"2\">\n",
    "Supplementary code for the <a href=\"http://mng.bz/orYv\">Build a Large Language Model From Scratch</a> book by <a href=\"https://sebastianraschka.com\">Sebastian Raschka</a><br>\n",
    "<br>Code repository: <a href=\"https://github.com/rasbt/LLMs-from-scratch\">https://github.com/rasbt/LLMs-from-scratch</a>\n",
    "</font>\n",
    "</td>\n",
    "<td style=\"vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;\">\n",
    "<a href=\"http://mng.bz/orYv\"><img src=\"https://sebastianraschka.com/images/LLMs-from-scratch-images/cover-small.webp\" width=\"100px\"></a>\n",
    "</td>\n",
    "</tr>\n",
    "</table>\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "063850ab-22b0-4838-b53a-9bb11757d9d0",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Understanding the Difference Between Embedding Layers and Linear Layers"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "0315c598-701f-46ff-8806-15813cad0e51",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- Embedding layers in PyTorch accomplish the same as linear layers that perform matrix multiplications; the reason we use embedding layers is computational efficiency\n",
    "- We will take a look at this relationship step by step using code examples in PyTorch"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "id": "061720f4-f025-4640-82a0-15098fa94cf9",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "PyTorch version: 2.1.0\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import torch\n",
    "\n",
    "print(\"PyTorch version:\", torch.__version__)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "a7895a66-7f69-4f62-9361-5c9da2eb76ef",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<br>\n",
    "&nbsp;\n",
    "\n",
    "## Using nn.Embedding"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "id": "cc489ea5-73db-40b9-959e-0d70cae25f40",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Suppose we have the following 3 training examples,\n",
    "# which may represent token IDs in a LLM context\n",
    "idx = torch.tensor([2, 3, 1])\n",
    "\n",
    "# The number of rows in the embedding matrix can be determined\n",
    "# by obtaining the largest token ID + 1.\n",
    "# If the highest token ID is 3, then we want 4 rows, for the possible\n",
    "# token IDs 0, 1, 2, 3\n",
    "num_idx = max(idx)+1\n",
    "\n",
    "# The desired embedding dimension is a hyperparameter\n",
    "out_dim = 5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "93d83a6e-8543-40af-b253-fe647640bf36",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- Let's implement a simple embedding layer:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "id": "60a7c104-36e1-4b28-bd02-a24a1099dc66",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# We use the random seed for reproducibility since\n",
    "# weights in the embedding layer are initialized with\n",
    "# small random values\n",
    "torch.manual_seed(123)\n",
    "\n",
    "embedding = torch.nn.Embedding(num_idx, out_dim)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "dd96c00a-3297-4a50-8bfc-247aaea7e761",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We can optionally take a look at the embedding weights:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "id": "595f603e-8d2a-4171-8f94-eac8106b2e57",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Parameter containing:\n",
       "tensor([[ 0.3374, -0.1778, -0.3035, -0.5880,  1.5810],\n",
       "        [ 1.3010,  1.2753, -0.2010, -0.1606, -0.4015],\n",
       "        [ 0.6957, -1.8061, -1.1589,  0.3255, -0.6315],\n",
       "        [-2.8400, -0.7849, -1.4096, -0.4076,  0.7953]], requires_grad=True)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "embedding.weight"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "c86eb562-61e2-4171-ab6e-b410a1fd5c18",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- We can then use the embedding layers to obtain the vector representation of a training example with ID 1:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "id": "8bbc0255-4805-4be9-9f4c-1d0d967ef9d5",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "tensor([[ 1.3010,  1.2753, -0.2010, -0.1606, -0.4015]],\n",
       "       grad_fn=<EmbeddingBackward0>)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "embedding(torch.tensor([1]))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "6a4d47f2-4691-47b8-9855-2528b6c285c9",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- Below is a visualization of what happens under the hood:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "12ffd155-7190-44b1-b6b6-45b11d6fe83b",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<img src=\"https://sebastianraschka.com/images/LLMs-from-scratch-images/bonus/embeddings-and-linear-layers/1.png\" width=\"400px\">"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "87d1311b-cfb2-4afc-9e25-e4ecf35370d9",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- Similarly, we can use embedding layers to obtain the vector representation of a training example with ID 2:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "id": "c309266a-c601-4633-9404-2e10b1cdde8c",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "tensor([[ 0.6957, -1.8061, -1.1589,  0.3255, -0.6315]],\n",
       "       grad_fn=<EmbeddingBackward0>)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "embedding(torch.tensor([2]))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "7ad3b601-f68c-41b1-a28d-b624b94ef383",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<img src=\"https://sebastianraschka.com/images/LLMs-from-scratch-images/bonus/embeddings-and-linear-layers/2.png\" width=\"400px\">"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "27dd54bd-85ae-4887-9c5e-3139da361cf4",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- Now, let's convert all the training examples we have defined previously:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "id": "0191aa4b-f6a8-4b0d-9c36-65e82b81d071",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "tensor([[ 0.6957, -1.8061, -1.1589,  0.3255, -0.6315],\n",
       "        [-2.8400, -0.7849, -1.4096, -0.4076,  0.7953],\n",
       "        [ 1.3010,  1.2753, -0.2010, -0.1606, -0.4015]],\n",
       "       grad_fn=<EmbeddingBackward0>)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "idx = torch.tensor([2, 3, 1])\n",
    "embedding(idx)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "146cf8eb-c517-4cd4-aa91-0e818fed7651",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- Under the hood, it's still the same look-up concept:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "b392eb43-0bda-4821-b446-b8dcbee8ae00",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<img src=\"https://sebastianraschka.com/images/LLMs-from-scratch-images/bonus/embeddings-and-linear-layers/3.png\" width=\"450px\">"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "f0fe863b-d6a3-48f3-ace5-09ecd0eb7b59",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<br>\n",
    "&nbsp;\n",
    "\n",
    "## Using nn.Linear"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "138de6a4-2689-4c1f-96af-7899b2d82a4e",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- Now, we will demonstrate that the embedding layer above accomplishes exactly the same as `nn.Linear` layer on a one-hot encoded representation in PyTorch\n",
    "- First, let's convert the token IDs into a one-hot representation:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "id": "b5bb56cf-bc73-41ab-b107-91a43f77bdba",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "tensor([[0, 0, 1, 0],\n",
       "        [0, 0, 0, 1],\n",
       "        [0, 1, 0, 0]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "onehot = torch.nn.functional.one_hot(idx)\n",
    "onehot"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "aa45dfdf-fb26-4514-a176-75224f5f179b",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- Next, we initialize a `Linear` layer, which caries out a matrix multiplication $X W^\\top$:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "id": "ae04c1ed-242e-4dd7-b8f7-4b7e4caae383",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Parameter containing:\n",
       "tensor([[-0.2039,  0.0166, -0.2483,  0.1886],\n",
       "        [-0.4260,  0.3665, -0.3634, -0.3975],\n",
       "        [-0.3159,  0.2264, -0.1847,  0.1871],\n",
       "        [-0.4244, -0.3034, -0.1836, -0.0983],\n",
       "        [-0.3814,  0.3274, -0.1179,  0.1605]], requires_grad=True)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "torch.manual_seed(123)\n",
    "linear = torch.nn.Linear(num_idx, out_dim, bias=False)\n",
    "linear.weight"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "63efb98e-5cc4-4e8d-9fe6-ef0ad29ae2d7",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- Note that the linear layer in PyTorch is also initialized with small random weights; to directly compare it to the `Embedding` layer above, we have to use the same small random weights, which is why we reassign them here:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "id": "a3b90d69-761c-486e-bd19-b38a2988fe62",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "linear.weight = torch.nn.Parameter(embedding.weight.T.detach())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "9116482d-f1f9-45e2-9bf3-7ef5e9003898",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- Now we can use the linear layer on the one-hot encoded representation of the inputs:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "id": "90d2b0dd-9f1d-4c0f-bb16-1f6ce6b8ac2c",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "tensor([[ 0.6957, -1.8061, -1.1589,  0.3255, -0.6315],\n",
       "        [-2.8400, -0.7849, -1.4096, -0.4076,  0.7953],\n",
       "        [ 1.3010,  1.2753, -0.2010, -0.1606, -0.4015]], grad_fn=<MmBackward0>)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "linear(onehot.float())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "f6204bc8-92e2-4546-9cda-574fe1360fa2",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "As we can see, this is exactly the same as what we got when we used the embedding layer:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "id": "2b057649-3176-4a54-b58c-fd8fbf818c61",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "tensor([[ 0.6957, -1.8061, -1.1589,  0.3255, -0.6315],\n",
       "        [-2.8400, -0.7849, -1.4096, -0.4076,  0.7953],\n",
       "        [ 1.3010,  1.2753, -0.2010, -0.1606, -0.4015]],\n",
       "       grad_fn=<EmbeddingBackward0>)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "embedding(idx)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "0e447639-8952-460e-8c8f-cf9e23c368c9",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- What happens under the hood is the following computation for the first training example's token ID:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "1830eccf-a707-4753-a24a-9b103f55594a",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<img src=\"https://sebastianraschka.com/images/LLMs-from-scratch-images/bonus/embeddings-and-linear-layers/4.png\" width=\"450px\">"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "9ce5211a-14e6-46aa-a3a8-14609f086e97",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- And for the second training example's token ID:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "173f6026-a461-44da-b9c5-f571f8ec8bf3",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<img src=\"https://sebastianraschka.com/images/LLMs-from-scratch-images/bonus/embeddings-and-linear-layers/5.png\" width=\"450px\">"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "e2608049-f5d1-49a9-a14b-82695fc32e6a",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- Since all but one index in each one-hot encoded row are 0 (by design), this matrix multiplication is essentially the same as a look-up of the one-hot elements\n",
    "- This use of the matrix multiplication on one-hot encodings is equivalent to the embedding layer look-up but can be inefficient if we work with large embedding matrices, because there are a lot of wasteful multiplications by zero"
   ]
  }
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